Test of the prey-base hypothesis to explain use of red squirrel midden sites by American martens

نویسندگان

  • Dean E. Pearson
  • Leonard F. Ruggiero
چکیده

We tested the prey-base hypothesis to determine whether selection of red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) midden sites (cone caches) by American martens (Martes americana) for resting and denning could be attributed to greater abundance of small-mammal prey. Five years of livetrapping at 180 sampling stations in 2 drainages showed that small mammals, particularly red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) and shrews (Sorex spp.), were more abundant at midden sites than at non-midden sites. However, logistic regression indicated that middens occurred in spruce– fir (Picea engelmannii – Abies lasiocarpa) stands, being correlated with decreasing lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) basal area, decreasing distance to water, and increasing canopy cover. Since middens were not randomly distributed, we constructed multiple linear regression models to determine the variability in small-mammal abundance and species richness attributable to structural and landscape variables. Regression models indicated that abundance of small mammals, red-backed voles, and uncommon small mammals could be predicted from structural and landscape variables, but midden presence did not significantly improve these models. Midden presence was a significant but weak predictor of small-mammal species richness. Our data do not support the prey-base hypothesis for explaining martens’ selection of resting and denning sites near red squirrel middens at the scales we tested. Résumé : Nous avons éprouvé une hypothèse basée sur la présence des proies pour déterminer si l’utilisation des points de cache de cônes des Écureuils roux (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) comme lieux de repos et comme terriers par la Martre d’Amérique (Martes americana) est motivée par la plus grande abondance de petits mammifères pouvant servir de proies. Pendant 5 ans, nous avons procédé à la capture de mammifères vivants à 180 stations d’échantillonnage dans 2 bassins hydrographiques; les petits mammifères, particulièrement les Campagnols-à-dos-roux (Clethrionomys gapperi) et les musaraignes (Sorex spp.), étaient plus abondants aux points de cache qu’aux autres endroits. Cependant, une régression logistique a démontré que les points de cache se trouvaient dans des boisés d’épinettes–sapins (Picea engelmannii – Abies lasiocarpa) et étaient reliés à une diminution de la surface terrière des pins vrillés (Pinus contorta), à une diminution de la distance d’un point d’eau et à l’augmentation du couvert de feuillage. Parce que les caches ne sont pas réparties aléatoirement, nous avons élaboré des modèles de régression linéaire multiple pour déterminer la variabilité dans l’abondance et la richesse en espèces des petits mammifères attribuable aux variables structurales et aux variables du paysage. Les modèles ont révélé que les abondances des petits mammifères, des Campagnols-à-dos-roux et des autres petits mammifères moins communs, pouvaient être prédites par les variables structurales et les variables du paysage, mais que la présence de caches de cônes n’améliorait pas les modèles de façon significative. La présence des caches de cônes est importante, mais s’avère un mauvais indicateur de la richesse en espèces de petits mammifères. Nos résultats ne corroborent pas l’hypothèse basée sur la présence des proies pour expliquer pourquoi la martre choisit des points de cache de cônes d’écureuils comme lieux de repos et comme terriers aux échelles que nous avons utilisées. [Traduit par la Rédaction] 1379 Pearson and Ruggiero Introduction Red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) are important predators of conifer seeds and are believed to have coevolved with many conifer species across North America (Smith 1970). In addition to the direct effects of feeding on conifer seeds, red squirrel feeding behavior may affect other components within forest ecosystems. Under certain conditions, red squirrels larder-hoard conifer cones by gathering hundreds of c nes and caching (storing) them at specific microsites to use as a winter food supply (Hurly 1988; Hurly and Robertson 1990). Feeding activities at these larder sites result over time in vast accumulations of cone debris that are called middens (Finley 1969). Since Murie (1961), naturalists and researchers have reported the use of red squirrel middens by American martens (Martes americana) in western North America (Murie 1961; Buskirk 1984; Buskirk et al. 1989; Coffin 1994; Ruggiero et al. 1998; Bull and Heater 2000). Buskirk (1984) observed that 70% of marten rest sites in his south-central Alaska study occurred in red squirrel middens. Red squirrel middens were the most important variable explaining natal and maternal den site selection by martens in south-central Wyoming (Ruggiero et al. 1998). Use of middens as rest sites has also been documented in southeastern Wyoming (Buskirk et al. 1989), western Wyoming (Murie 1961), south-central Montana (Coffin 1994), western Washington (Raphael and Jones 1997), eastern Oregon (Bull and Can. J. Zool. 79: 1372–1379 (2001) © 2001 NRC Canada 1372 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-79-8-1372 Received December 18, 2000. Accepted May 25, 2001. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjz.nrc.ca on July 20, 2001. D.E. Pearson1 and L.F. Ruggiero. Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, P.O. Box 8089 Missoula, MT 59807, U.S.A. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). J:\cjz\cjz79\cjz-08\Z01-090.vp Tuesday, July 17, 2001 8:32:46 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen

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تاریخ انتشار 2001